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Sarah Bandy, PharmD, PhD is a Manager, Value Evidence, AESARA Inc.

The recent shift in Health Economics and Outcomes Research functions across major pharmaceutical companies highlights a lack of understanding of its value. 

HEOR: From Proving Product Value to Proving Its Own Worth

AbbVie Pedro Valencia ADCs

PE: How is AbbVie using novel cancer biomarkers to develop potential first-in-class ADCs for the treatment of advanced solid tumors?

We're constantly looking for biomarkers that can help us to do two key things. The first is to tackle cancer cells. and spare normal cells. We’re looking for specific antigens that are over-expressing tumor cells, and you see limited expression in normal cells. We want to make sure that target that’s over-expressed is critical for the survival of the cancer cell. Once you block it, you can actually drive a cancer cell death. That’s what we're looking for. In that perspective, c-Met is one of those biomarkers that is over expressing multiple tumor types such as lung, colorectal, gastric, and other GA tumors. We as an industry have tried to tackle c-Met in the past but have been unsuccessful. It would actually be successful to tackle what we call met, which is a gene inside the cell.

There’s this thing called met amplification, where the cancer cell produces multiple copies of the gene, and around 30% of patients have it. We can actually tackle that with small molecules. But once the gene becomes a protein and gets over-expressed in the cell, that over-expression is something we haven’t been able to target. For example, we know that on lung cancer, c-Met over-expression is about 25% to 50% in colorectal cancer, and it could be anywhere from 30% to 70% depending how you measure it, so it’s quite prevalent.

With ADCs, we’re trying to tackle c-Met over-expression on the surface of cancer cells. That was novel, and we can do it through ADCs. 706 has a target called SEZ6, and it’s a target that is over expressed in neuroendocrine cells or neuroendocrine neoplasms. When you think about it, multiple tumor types kind of have a subset of cells that are neuroendocrine driven. Small cell lung cancer is one of the few that has everything driven by neuroendocrine cells. The beauty of SEZ6 is over-expressing those cells and limited expression in normal cells. So, we can tackle it with an ADC and drive the results that we're seeing today.

PE: ADCs have redefined the treatment of cancer in recent years. Can you please discuss the promise of this emerging class and what the future may hold?

At the end of the day, ADCs work like a trojan horse. You have a good antibody that cancer cells are happy to receive, but once you hook into the cancer cell receptor, you deliver the payload, which is pretty much chemotherapy. It’s actually a highly potent version of the regular chemotherapy cancer patients are given on a regular basis. So, from that perspective, our goal is to replace chemotherapy. Our grand goal with ADCs is to replace good old, decades old chemotherapy that is really toxic for some patients. That’s how we see the redefinition of cancer treatment in the future with ADCs. So, what do we see in the future? Well, if you think about it, chemotherapy is being given in combination with other agents. In the future, we see ADCs being given in combination with chemotherapy. There will be one with other agents such as immuno-oncology agents. So, if you combine the ADC and the PD1s, you can start seeing that synergy come together and kind of start really dreaming about cures for the patients. All in all, we're super excited about ADCs replacing chemotherapy. 

In an interview with Pharm Exec Associate Editor Don Tracy, Pedro Valencia, VP, Solid Tumor Pipeline Strategy & Execution, AbbVie, discusses using novel cancer biomarkers to develop potential first-in-class antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and the promise that they offer. 

Utilizing Biomarkers to Develop First-in-Class Antibody Drug Conjugates to Treat Advanced Solid Tumors

FDA recently announced new safety requirements for DPD screening in cancer patients. Kristine Ashcraft, founder and CEO of YouScript, spoke with 

 about these updates and the impact it will have on oncology.

Pharmaceutical Executive: How significant an issue is DPD deficiency?

Patients with DPYD variations are 25.6X more likely to experience treatment related death on standard‐dose fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy (5‐fluorouracil or capecitabine).

 Although complete loss of activity is rare, reduced activity impacts up to 8% of patients

 and simple dose reductions can reduce risk without negatively impacting long-term or progression free survival.

 CPIC, the guidelines body for gene-drug interactions, has provided evidence-based guidance on medication adjustments for Fluoropyrimidines based on DPYD genotyping since 2017.

 In 2024, a joint consensus recommendation from leading genetic, lab and pharmacogenomic expert groups on must test and optional variants for DPYD genotyping was published.

PE: What prompted FDA to issue the safety announcement?

 The safety announcement highlighted labeling changes for Capecitabine and fluorouracil issued by the FDA Oncology Center of Excellence under Project Renewal, an FDA initiative that aims to update prescribing information for certain older oncology drugs. Many years prior to this change, representatives of Advocates for Universal DPD/DPYD testing petitioned the FDA to update fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy product inserts to recommend testing. A testing recommendation wouldalign with European guidance in place since 2020. While the FDA made several updates to point out the risks in March of 2024, it stopped shy of a recommendation. In January of 2025, the FDA and AACR convened a workshop to discuss whether to test or not, where all participants seemed to agree that testing for DPD variations should be discussed with all patients.

Translating the momentum from the FDA safety alert into an FDA requirement would strengthen adoption.Furthermore, DPYD testing recommendations in the NCCN guidelines are a critical next step. Although NCCN acknowledges CPIC guideline existence, they do not recommend that providers consider testing in alignment with the recent FDA safety communication. An FDA requirement would also be useful, but the NCCN guidelines are often cited by oncologists as a reference in determining standard of care, and will help to mitigate real and avoidable patient harm for patients.

PE: What are the benefits of performing comprehensive PGx panel tests?

 In an assessment of over 30,000 patients that received panel testing and take at least one PGx impacted medication, almost 60% were taking medications with evidence-based drug or dose change guidance in more than one clinical area.

 A large randomized study of almost 7000 patients across different care settings in several European countries showed a 30% reduction in clinically significant adverse drug reactions in just 12 weeks with PGx panel testing.

 Testing provides immediate benefit, but can also provide ongoing drug and dose optimization. An assessment of almost 500,000 patients with PGx panel testing in the UK Biobank showed that patients would have an atypical response to over 10 medications on average.

Think of PGx panel testing like a seatbelt for medication safety and efficacy that should be used every time medication changes are considered. One model suggested a 10.6% reduction in mortality with the use of PGx testing.

 PGx panel testing and a pharmacist-provided comprehensive medication review would incur a low lifetime cost of $450 averting 106 deaths per 1000. Comparatively, other preventative measures–such as mammograms for breast cancer, low-dose CT scans for lung cancer in high-risk patients, and colonoscopies for colon cancer–all cost more to prevent fewer deaths. So why are they considered the standard of care, while PGx panel testing is not, when all are worthwhile preventative interventions that have likely saved the lives of someone you care about?

Pathogenic DPYD Variants and Treatment-Related Mortality in Patients Receiving Fluoropyrimidine Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 

. December 26, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34506675/

Population-scale predictions of DPD and TPMT phenotypes using a quantitative pharmacogene-specific ensemble classifier. 

. December, 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32973300/

Survival of Patients With Cancer With DPYD Variant Alleles and Dose-Individualized Fluoropyrimidine Therapy-A Matched-Pair Analysis. 

. August 28, 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37639651/

CPIC® Guideline for Fluoropyrimidines and DPYD. 

. https://cpicpgx.org/guidelines/guideline-for-fluoropyrimidines-and-dpyd/

. https://www.pharmgkb.org/literature/15161962

Validation of Pharmacogenomic Interaction Probability (PIP) Scores in Predicting Drug–Gene, Drug–Drug–Gene, and Drug–Gene–Gene Interaction Risks in a Large Patient Population. 

. November 29, 2022. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/12/1972

A 12-gene pharmacogenetic panel to prevent adverse drug reactions: an open-label, multicentre, controlled, cluster-randomised crossover implementation study. 

. February 4, 2023. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01841-4/abstract

Pharmacogenetics at Scale: An Analysis of the UK Biobank. 

. June, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33237584/

Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacogenomics-Guided Prescribing to Prevent Gene-Drug-Related Deaths: A Decision-Analytic Model. 

. June, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36120299/

The YouScript CEO discusses new FDA guidance.

Screening for DPYD: Q&A with Kristine Ashcraft

NIH Funding Cuts Legal Challenges

PE: What should these stakeholders have top of mind as they find new ways to effectively navigate and continue medical research?

Things have definitely changed. I think that funding is now the biggest issue regarding the future of research. People need to get used to the idea of shifting from relying on federal grants for funding to exploring other possible sources.

Currently, there is a policy in place that caps indirect costs at 15%. When people ask what I mean by indirect costs, I’m referring to administrative costs, overhead, and regulatory compliance—factors that are included when determining the necessary funding. It used to be 50%. A company would calculate total costs, and then the government would provide 50 cents on the dollar for these indirect costs. Now, that’s been reduced to 15%, and unsurprisingly, lawsuits have been filed. As of now, the courts have halted it, but the agency has found other creative ways to push funding freezes. One particularly interesting approach was using the Federal Register. The Federal Register issued a notice freeze, which essentially halted the review of all grant proposals submitted to the NIH. This is significant because, for future applications to be considered, notices about upcoming meetings and their impact on research must be published in the Federal Register.

Stakeholders now have to seek new funding sources outside of the NIH, which will be incredibly challenging. They’ll need to turn to the private sector. But if everyone is turning to the private sector for additional funds, there could either be a chilling effect—where people stop planning certain projects—or so much competition that initiatives the NIH was working on won’t receive as much attention. Right now, we’re all just waiting to see how this unfolds.

PE: In addition to the NIH funding cuts, how do you see the clinical trials industry navigating other political challenges, such as the diversity bans?

Researchers will have to add an extra layer of consideration to something they haven’t really done before. They now have to view their trials through a more conservative lens. When conducting research to solve a problem, one would expect the process to be objective, but unfortunately, that’s the reality we’re in now.

This entire situation is disheartening. It could halt many clinical trials focusing on minority groups and stifle progress on certain vaccines. This could lead to entire sectors of science receiving neither funding nor attention. I don’t think we fully understand the magnitude of this yet—it won’t be clear until it actually happens. It’s ironic in a way, but an important question must be asked: What happens when others refuse to innovate? I believe those innovators will leave for places where they’re welcome. Unfortunately, if this continues, we may see a significant exodus of talented scientists from the U.S. over the next few years. I wouldn’t be surprised if many relocate to the EU, Asia, or other regions where scientists are encouraged to be more creative and address critical needs. Regardless of funding, these scientific advancements remain necessary and demand attention.

PE: With some judges indicating that the NIH funding freeze may be illegal, are there grounds for the NIH to continue conducting research, and what options do they have?

NIH has been ordered to continue its current research funding, which is good. The available options will depend on several factors, and those factors will take time to unfold. The only way NIH could move forward without interference from the administration is if Congress steps in and drafts laws that explicitly prevent research funding from being influenced by political reasons. However, given today’s hyper-partisan environment, I don’t believe such legislation will pass.

PE: How could the funding freeze potentially play out legally if the administration defies the courts' ruling, and what are the potential legal implications of such an action?

It’s a nightmare scenario—not just for lawyers like me, but for anyone invested in this issue. It never used to be, but I think it’s the number one concern right now. If the administration defies court rulings, that’s a constitutional crisis—it would fundamentally disrupt how the federal government operates.

I remember back in law school, we discussed this possibility, and it seemed so theoretical, so far-fetched. But now, we have to seriously consider it. The legal implications are too numerous to outline entirely because they depend on how it happens, which cases are affected, and the specific facts of those cases. Then, we’d have to extrapolate to understand the broader consequences. Ultimately, it would mean a collapse of our checks and balances system—the foundation of our democracy. I don’t mean to sound alarmist, but that’s exactly what it is. It’s like a Jenga tower—you pull one piece from the center, and the whole structure collapses. It would throw everything into chaos. Hopefully, this scenario won’t play out, but based on recent events, we have to consider these possibilities.

PE: What are the legal implications of the latest tariffs—including the "reciprocal" variety—and what challenges do they present to the pharma supply chain?

: Reciprocal tariffs could create significant disruptions in the supply chain and many commercial contracts. I don’t want to get overly technical, but many contracts include clauses that activate certain procedures or nullify agreements when events beyond a party’s control occur—such as embargoes or excessive tariffs. These clauses will become increasingly relevant as they may need to address the impact of excessive tariffs. Supply chain disruptions could arise at any moment, particularly with raw materials, which are frequently sourced from overseas.

Some people may have different opinions, but in my view, these tariffs will negatively affect the supply chain and, ultimately, our economy at every level. Prescription drug costs will likely rise significantly as a result.

Unfortunately, Congress has granted broad authority to the executive branch through legislation. Specific laws that come to mind include the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977. These laws delegate power to the president to adjust tariffs in response to specific circumstances, such as national security concerns or trade negotiations, without requiring new congressional approval. Because of this, the president holds significant control over tariffs, and unless Congress enacts new legislation to curtail this power, the courts have limited options to intervene.

At this point, I’m not entirely sure how the power dynamic will unfold. It used to be that Congress and the president shared these responsibilities, but now, we have to wait and see. Tariffs could be an experiment. That seemed to be the case during this administration’s previous term—some tariffs led to negative consequences, while others remained in place.

Ron Lanton, Partner, Lanton Law, discusses the legal and industry challenges posed by recent National Institute of Health budget cuts,  diversity bans in clinical trials, and pharmaceutical supply chain disruptions due to tariffs.

Navigating NIH Funding Cuts, Diversity Bans, and Tariff Challenges: Legal and Industry Implications for Medical Research

The FDA has approved Samsung Bioepis’ Ospomyv (denosumab-dssb; SB16) and Xbryk (denosumab-dssb; SB16), biosimilars referencing Amgen’s Prolia and Xgeva, respectively. Ospomyv is indicated for osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal women and men at high risk of fracture, as well as for patients undergoing androgen deprivation or aromatase inhibitor therapy. Additionally, Xbryk is approved for preventing skeletal-related events in patients with multiple myeloma and solid tumor bone metastases, treating unresectable giant-cell tumors of bone, and addressing bisphosphonate-refractory hypercalcemia of malignancy.

“The FDA approval of Ospomyv and Xbryk marks a key step in improving patient access and alleviating treatment cost for patients with osteoporosis and cancer-related bone loss in the US. By providing quality-proven biosimilars, we are helping to address a critical healthcare need and reduce the burden of skeletal fractures that impact patients’ quality of life,” said Byoungin Jung, VP, regulatory affairs team leader, Samsung Bioepis, in a press release. “This achievement underscores our commitment to healthcare innovation through biosimilars and our mission to meet the growing needs in critical therapeutic areas.”

Approval was based on results from Phase I and Phase III clinical trials, including analytical data, non-clinical data, and clinical data. This included a Phase I randomized, double-blind, three-arm, parallel group, single-dose trial, which demonstrated the pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence between SB16, EU-sourced denosumab, and US-sourced denosumab in healthy male participants. Results of the study met all primary PK endpoints, including area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity, AUC from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration, and maximum serum concentration.

Additionally, a Phase III randomized, double-blind, multi-center study demonstrated equivalent efficacy and comparable safety, immunogenicity, PK, and pharmacodynamics. The primary endpoint was the percent change from baseline in lumbar spine bone mineral density at one year and a follow up of 18 months.

Samsung Bioepis warns that Ospomyv and Xbryk are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to denosumab products and hypocalcemia. Ospomyv is also contraindicated in patients who are pregnant. Adverse events (AEs) of Ospomyv include dermatologic reactions, severe joint, bone, and muscle pain, and serious skin infections. AEs of Xbryk include embryo-fetal toxicity, hypercalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and fractures to the vertebrae and femoral bone.

According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, osteoporosis affects one in three women and one in five men over 50 years of age globally. In Europe, the United States, and Japan, it is estimated that a total of 75 million people are currently living with osteoporosis. For the United States, this accounts for around 10.2 million people, with 54 million currently at risk. Additionally, 80% of people with osteoporosis in the United States are women.

According to the Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center, 30% of Caucasian postmenopausal women in the United States have osteoporosis. Additionally, the prevalence of osteoporosis in Caucasian postmenopausal women is around 14% between 50 and 59 years of age, 22% in women between 60 and 69 years of age, 39% in women between 70 and 79 years of age, and 70% in women over 80 years of age.3 In men, the numbers decrease significantly, with 3.3% of men between 50 and 64 years of age developing osteoporosis and 5.7% in men over 65 years of age.

According to Samgsung Bioepsis, the approvals mark the company’s first FDA approval for endocrinology biosimilars.

1. FDA Approves Samsung Bioepis’ OSPOMYV™, XBRYK™ (denosumab-dssb), a Biosimilar to Prolia and Xgeva. 

February 15, 2025. Accessed February 18, 2025. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250215814020/en/FDA-Approves-Samsung-Bioepis%E2%80%99-OSPOMYV%E2%84%A2-XBRYK%E2%84%A2-denosumab-dssb-a-Biosimilar-to-Prolia-and-Xgeva

Accessed February 18, 2025. https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/health-professionals/about-osteoporosis/epidemiology

Accessed February 18, 2025. https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/arthritis-info/osteoporosis-info/

Accessed February 18, 2025. https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis/prevalence-of-osteoporosis

Ospomyv, a biosimilar to Prolia, is indicated for postmenopausal women and men at high risk of fracture, while Xbryk, a biosimilar to Xgeva, is indicated for preventing skeletal-related events in multiple myeloma and solid tumor bone metastases. 

FDA Approves Samsung Bioepis Biosimilars Ospomyv and Xbryk 

Nitrosamines have become a significant concern in the pharmaceutical industry due to their potential carcinogenic risks. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA, EMA, and ICH have imposed strict guidelines to monitor and control nitrosamine impurities in drug products. Traditional analytical techniques like LC-MS/MS, while effective, can be time-consuming, expensive, and reliant on organic solvents. A more efficient alternative is emerging: Headspace-Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (Headspace-SIFT-MS). This powerful method enables real-time, high-throughput screening of volatile nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals, offering a streamlined approach that reduces complexity and environmental impact.

Why Headspace-SIFT-MS is Transforming Nitrosamine Analysis

Headspace-SIFT-MS is a direct mass spectrometry technique that provides fast, highly sensitive, and selective quantification of nitrosamines in pharmaceutical samples. Unlike conventional chromatographic methods, it requires minimal sample preparation and no organic solvents, making it a more sustainable and practical alternative. By using soft chemical ionization with multiple reagent ions (H₃O⁺, NO⁺, and O₂⁺), this technique ensures accurate detection of volatile nitrosamines while minimizing interferences from complex sample matrices.

 – Provides results in minutes, significantly reducing batch release and regulatory compliance timelines.

 – Eliminates hazardous solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile, improving safety and sustainability.

 – Achieves low limits of quantitation (LOQ <10% of regulatory limits) with excellent linearity (R² > 0.99) for six nitrosamines.

 – Reduces manual labor through automated workflows, increasing laboratory productivity.

 – Meets performance criteria outlined in USP 〈1469〉, supporting industry standards.

Proven Performance in Nitrosamine Screening

Recent studies have shown that Headspace-SIFT-MS effectively detects six commonly regulated nitrosamines, including NDMA, NDEA, NDBA, NEIPA, NDIPA, and NMPA. The method has been assessed against United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 〈1469〉 guidelines, demonstrating very high repeatability, precision, and accuracy.

Reliable Results in Complex Drug Matrices

A study evaluating a finished drug product found that headspace-SIFT-MS produced consistent results, with average recovery rates of 115% for NDMA and 86% for NDEA, based on nine replicates. The technique successfully identified nitrosamines even in complex pharmaceutical formulations, reinforcing its reliability.

LOQ of 0.06 ppm (NDMA) and 0.03 ppm (NDEA)

Consistent recoveries across multiple replicates

Minimal impact from complex drug formulations

These findings confirm that headspace-SIFT-MS provides reliable and reproducible nitrosamine detection, even in challenging sample types.

How It Works: A Straightforward and Effective Process

Unlike LC-MS/MS, which requires extensive sample preparation, headspace-SIFT-MS streamlines the workflow with a direct approach:

 – Pharmaceutical samples are mixed with potassium carbonate to promote nitrosamine transfer into the headspace.

 – Samples are incubated at 80°C for 15 minutes, and the headspace is extracted.

 – The extracted gas is analyzed using reagent ions that selectively react with nitrosamines.

 – Results are processed using SyftAuditTracer software, delivering quantification in under four minutes.

 – The method supports rapid batch analysis, optimizing laboratory workflows.

Expanding Applications Beyond Pharmaceuticals

While primarily used for pharmaceutical impurity testing, headspace-SIFT-MS is also valuable in other industries:

 – Detecting nitrosamines in processed foods and beverages to ensure consumer safety.

 – Monitoring nitrosamine contamination in water sources and air emissions.

 – Identifying volatile nitrosamines in cosmetics, tobacco, and e-cigarette products.

Revolutionizing Pharmaceutical Quality Control

The Syft Tracer Pharm11 solution is changing the landscape of pharmaceutical quality control. By offering a fast, solvent-free, and user-friendly approach, it provides an effective alternative to conventional chromatographic techniques. This solution is ideal for routine impurity testing, ensuring that manufacturers stay ahead of regulatory requirements while improving efficiency.

As regulatory scrutiny of nitrosamines intensifies, the pharmaceutical industry must adopt faster, more sustainable, and cost-effective testing solutions. Headspace-SIFT-MS offers an advanced, environmentally responsible approach that enhances drug safety and streamlines laboratory workflows. With its rapid turnaround, automated analysis, and solvent-free operation, this technology is set to become a cornerstone of modern pharmaceutical impurity testing.

For a smarter, safer, and more efficient approach to nitrosamine detection, headspace-SIFT-MS is the way forward.

Nitrosamine Detection in Pharmaceuticals: A Faster, Greener, and More Effective Approach

Jen Butler, Chief Commercial Officer of Pleio, discusses the significant threat of misinformation to public health and how emotional appeal plays a part.

The Threat of Misinformation on Public Health

 video interview, Jen Butler, Chief Commercial Officer for Pleio, discussed the significant threat of misinformation to public health, citing a 2021 report by former Surgeon General Murthy. She highlighted that 70% of false news is shared more often than true news due to its emotional appeal. Butler emphasized the importance of verifying health information by directly contacting trusted sources like Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, and Kaiser Permanente. She also noted the role of pharma in supporting patient communities and the need for media and health literacy. Butler also suggested that peer-to-patient platforms can enhance patient engagement and adherence, particularly for chronic conditions.

What kind of threat is misinformation to public health?

I have to say, nowadays, it's a huge threat. Back in 2021, former Surgeon General Murthy published a report about confronting health misinformation, and this was four years ago. He acknowledged at that point, and this was coming off of COVID and the pandemic, and the role of misinformation and causing confusion and anxiety and growing mistrust with patients and the population, and the impact that that can have over public health efforts. He raised concern in this report about the changing information environment, and at the time, four years ago, he was really focusing on the social media outlets that we have in place, and the fact that engaging content isn't always it. I should say engaging content is really emotionally driven, and therefore there's opinions behind it. In this report, there is a reference to a study that 70% of false news is shared more often than true news because it has that appeal. And while this is not about fake news, I think that can lend itself to health information also, because it's really important for patients when they're feeling vulnerable to be able to find information and not question. And as you're questioning information, you start to get more anxious and overwhelmed about what's coming next.

Fast forward from where we were four years ago to today with the impact and prevalence of TikTok and AI and we've just ignited where former Surgeon General Murthy was starting with his view of this, of this surge of misinformation for patients. It's really tricky. It's too easy for patients to go into their feeds and start finding patients like them in their feeds or hearing influencers. And no matter what you Google or search for in these in the in these forums, you're going to find opinions, and that it's the tricky part is, it's comforting. It's comforting to see patients like yourself offering opinions. And I think there is a great wealth of awareness that can be raised, but information and validated information can't be trusted upon opinions, and I think that's where it's a slippery slope.

In this Pharmaceutical Executive video interview, Jen Butler, Chief Commercial Officer of Pleio, discusses the significant threat of misinformation to public health and how emotional appeal plays a part.

Sarah Bandy, PhD

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